<dependency> <groupId>com.databricks</groupId> <artifactId>spark-xml_2.12</artifactId> <version>0.5.0</version> </dependency> CopyJan 25, 2022 · Converting dataframe to XML in spark throws Null Pointer Exception in StaxXML while writing to file system 1 (spark-xml) Receiving only null when parsing xml column using from_xml function Spark XML Datasource. Tags 1|sql; 1|SparkSQL; 1|DataSource; 1|xml; How to [+] Include this package in your Spark Applications using: spark-shell, pyspark, or spark ... Dec 2, 2022 · I want the xml attribute values of "IdentUebersetzungName", "ServiceShortName" and "LableName" in the dataframe, can I do with Spark-XML? I tried with com.databricks:spark-xml_2.12:0.15.0, it seems that it supports nested XML not so well. Dec 21, 2015 · Ranking. #9765 in MvnRepository ( See Top Artifacts) Used By. 38 artifacts. Scala Target. Scala 2.10 ( View all targets ) Vulnerabilities. Vulnerabilities from dependencies: CVE-2018-17190. Sep 15, 2017 · The last one with com.databricks.spark.xml wins and becomes the streaming source (hiding Kafka as the source). In order words, the above is equivalent to .format('com.databricks.spark.xml') alone. As you may have experienced, the Databricks spark-xml package does not support streaming reading (i.e. cannot act as a streaming source). The package ... Dec 30, 2018 · <dependency> <groupId>com.databricks</groupId> <artifactId>spark-xml_2.12</artifactId> <version>0.5.0</version> </dependency> Copy When reading XML files in PySpark, the spark-xml package infers the schema of the XML data and returns a DataFrame with columns corresponding to the tags and attributes in the XML file.Install a library on a cluster. To install a library on a cluster: Click Compute in the sidebar. Click a cluster name. Click the Libraries tab. Click Install New. The Install library dialog displays. Select one of the Library Source options, complete the instructions that appear, and then click Install.Dec 6, 2016 · Xml processing in Spark Ask Question Asked 7 years, 10 months ago Modified 3 years, 11 months ago Viewed 59k times 20 Scenario: My Input will be multiple small XMLs and am Supposed to read these XMLs as RDDs. Perform join with another dataset and form an RDD and send the output as an XML. Solved: Hi community, I'm trying to read XML data from Azure Datalake Gen 2 using com.databricks:spark-xml_2.12:0.12.0: - 10790Unlike the earlier examples with the Spark shell, which initializes its own SparkSession, we initialize a SparkSession as part of the program. To build the program, we also write a Maven pom.xml file that lists Spark as a dependency. Note that Spark artifacts are tagged with a Scala version. Just to mention , I used Databricks’ Spark-XML in Glue environment, however you can use it as a standalone python script, since it is independent of Glue. We saw that even though Glue provides one line transforms for dealing with semi/unstructured data, if we have complex data types, we need to work with samples and see what fits our purpose.Read XML File (Spark Dataframes) The Spark library for reading XML has simple options. We must define the format as XML. We can use the rootTag and rowTag options to slice out data from the file. This is handy when the file has multiple record types. Last, we use the load method to complete the action.There are three ways to create a DataFrame in Spark by hand: 1. Create a list and parse it as a DataFrame using the toDataFrame () method from the SparkSession. 2. Convert an RDD to a DataFrame using the toDF () method. 3. Import a file into a SparkSession as a DataFrame directly.Step 1: Read XML files into RDD. We use spark.read.text to read all the xml files into a DataFrame. The DataFrame is with one column, and the value of each row is the whole content of each xml file. Then we convert it to RDD which we can utilise some low level API to perform the transformation.1. explode – spark explode array or map column to rows. Spark function explode (e: Column) is used to explode or create array or map columns to rows. When an array is passed to this function, it creates a new default column “col1” and it contains all array elements. When a map is passed, it creates two new columns one for key and one for ...Jan 11, 2017 · Convert Spark Dataframe to XML files. 3. Load XML string from Column in PySpark. 8. Read XML in spark. 2. how to convert multiple row tag xml files to dataframe. 0. In my last blog we discussed on JSON format file parsing in Apache Spark.In this post we will try to explain the XML format file parsing in Apache Spark.XML format is also one of the important and commonly used file format in Big Data environment.Before deep diving into this further lets understand few points regarding…In SQL Server, to store xml within a database column, there is the XML datatype but same is not present in Spark SQL. Has anyone come around the same issue and found any workaround? If yes, please share. We're using Spark Scala.Jul 31, 2021 · // Get the table with the XML column from the database and expose as temp view val df = spark.read.synapsesql("yourPool.dbo.someXMLTable") df.createOrReplaceTempView("someXMLTable") You could process the XML as I have done here and then write it back to the Synapse dedicated SQL pool as an internal table: Sep 18, 2020 · someXSDF = sparkSesh.read.format ('xml') \ .option ('rootTag', 'nmaprun') \ .option ('rowTag', 'host') \ .load (thisXML) If the file is small enough, you can just do a .toPandas () to review it: Then close the session. if you want to test this outside of Jupyter, just go the command line and do. Mar 20, 2020 · Spark is the de-facto framework for data processing in recent times and xml is one of the formats used for data . For reading xml data we can leverage xml package of spark from databricks (spark ... Spark is the de-facto framework for data processing in recent times and xml is one of the formats used for data . Let us see the following . Reading XML file How does this works Validating...Feb 19, 2020 · Does anyone knows how do I do to install the com.databricks.spark.xml package on EMR cluster. I succeeded to connect to master emr but don't know how to install packages on the emr cluster. code. sc.install_pypi_package("com.databricks.spark.xml") What is Spark Schema. Spark schema is the structure of the DataFrame or Dataset, we can define it using StructType class which is a collection of StructField that define the column name (String), column type (DataType), nullable column (Boolean) and metadata (MetaData) For the rest of the article I’ve explained by using the Scala example, a ... May 19, 2021 · Apache Spark does not include a streaming API for XML files. However, you can combine the auto-loader features of the Spark batch API with the OSS library, Spark-XML, to stream XML files. In this article, we present a Scala based solution that parses XML data using an auto-loader. Install Spark-XML library For those who come here in search of an answer, you can use tools like this online XSD / XML validator to pick out the errors in parsing your XML sample against your schema.The spark-xml-utils library was developed because there is a large amount of XML in our big datasets and I felt this data could be better served by providing some helpful XML utilities. This includes the ability to filter documents based on an XPath expression, return specific nodes for an XPath/XQuery expression, or transform documents using a ...Example: Read XML from S3. The XML reader takes an XML tag name. It examines elements with that tag within its input to infer a schema and populates a DynamicFrame with corresponding values. The AWS Glue XML functionality behaves similarly to the XML Data Source for Apache Spark. You might be able to gain insight around basic behavior by ...Sep 26, 2020 · 手順. SparkでXMLファイルを扱えるようにするためには、”spark-xml” というSparkのライブラリをクラスタにインストールする必要があります。. spark-xml をDatabricksに取り込む方法は2つ. Import Library - Marvenより、spark-xmlの取り込み. JARファイルを外部より取得し ... Jul 21, 2021 · There are three ways to create a DataFrame in Spark by hand: 1. Create a list and parse it as a DataFrame using the toDataFrame () method from the SparkSession. 2. Convert an RDD to a DataFrame using the toDF () method. 3. Import a file into a SparkSession as a DataFrame directly. // Get the table with the XML column from the database and expose as temp view val df = spark.read.synapsesql("yourPool.dbo.someXMLTable") df.createOrReplaceTempView("someXMLTable") You could process the XML as I have done here and then write it back to the Synapse dedicated SQL pool as an internal table:Note that the hive.metastore.warehouse.dir property in hive-site.xml is deprecated since Spark 2.0.0. Instead, use spark.sql.warehouse.dir to specify the default location of database in warehouse. You may need to grant write privilege to the user who starts the Spark application.Jan 25, 2022 · Converting dataframe to XML in spark throws Null Pointer Exception in StaxXML while writing to file system 1 (spark-xml) Receiving only null when parsing xml column using from_xml function Dec 6, 2016 · Xml processing in Spark Ask Question Asked 7 years, 10 months ago Modified 3 years, 11 months ago Viewed 59k times 20 Scenario: My Input will be multiple small XMLs and am Supposed to read these XMLs as RDDs. Perform join with another dataset and form an RDD and send the output as an XML. To add this functionality to a spark session, I had to download the spark-xml jar from maven and pass it to my spark session with the “spark.jars” config. Next, I added the two helper ...Create the spark-xml library as a Maven library. For the Maven coordinate, specify: Databricks Runtime 7.x and above: com.databricks:spark-xml_2.12:<release> See spark-xml Releases for the latest version of <release>. Install the library on a cluster. Example The example in this section uses the books XML file. Retrieve the books XML file: BashBy using the pool management capabilities of Azure Synapse Analytics, you can configure the default set of libraries to install on a serverless Apache Spark pool. These libraries are installed on top of the base runtime. For Python libraries, Azure Synapse Spark pools use Conda to install and manage Python package dependencies.Sep 18, 2019 · (spark-xml) Receiving only null when parsing xml column using from_xml function. 1. Read XML with attribute names in Scala. 0. Read XML in Spark and Scala. Just to mention , I used Databricks’ Spark-XML in Glue environment, however you can use it as a standalone python script, since it is independent of Glue. We saw that even though Glue provides one line transforms for dealing with semi/unstructured data, if we have complex data types, we need to work with samples and see what fits our purpose.2. When using spark-submit with --master yarn-cluster, the application JAR file along with any JAR file included with the --jars option will be automatically transferred to the cluster. URLs supplied after --jars must be separated by commas. That list is included in the driver and executor classpaths.Note that the hive.metastore.warehouse.dir property in hive-site.xml is deprecated since Spark 2.0.0. Instead, use spark.sql.warehouse.dir to specify the default location of database in warehouse. You may need to grant write privilege to the user who starts the Spark application. There's a section on the Databricks spark-xml Github page which talks about parsing nested xml, and it provides a solution using the Scala API, as well as a couple of Pyspark helper functions to work around the issue that there is no separate Python package for spark-xml. So using these, here's one way you could solve the problem:Jul 21, 2021 · There are three ways to create a DataFrame in Spark by hand: 1. Create a list and parse it as a DataFrame using the toDataFrame () method from the SparkSession. 2. Convert an RDD to a DataFrame using the toDF () method. 3. Import a file into a SparkSession as a DataFrame directly. Please reference：How can I read a XML file Azure Databricks Spark. Combine these documents, I think you can figure out you problem. I don't know much about Azure databricks, I'm sorry that I can't test for you.Jul 14, 2019 · Step 1: Read XML files into RDD. We use spark.read.text to read all the xml files into a DataFrame. The DataFrame is with one column, and the value of each row is the whole content of each xml file. Then we convert it to RDD which we can utilise some low level API to perform the transformation. Does anyone knows how do I do to install the com.databricks.spark.xml package on EMR cluster. I succeeded to connect to master emr but don't know how to install packages on the emr cluster. code. sc.install_pypi_package("com.databricks.spark.xml")I want the xml attribute values of "IdentUebersetzungName", "ServiceShortName" and "LableName" in the dataframe, can I do with Spark-XML? I tried with com.databricks:spark-xml_2.12:0.15.0, it seems that it supports nested XML not so well.Azure Databricks Spark XML Library - Trying to read xml files. 2. Unable to read json file with pyspark in Databricks. 4.Converting dataframe to XML in spark throws Null Pointer Exception in StaxXML while writing to file system 1 (spark-xml) Receiving only null when parsing xml column using from_xml functionWhen reading XML files the API accepts several options: path: Location of files. Similar to Spark can accept standard Hadoop globbing expressions. rowTag: The row tag of your xml files to treat as a row. For example, in this xml ..., the appropriate value would be book. Default is ROW.Install a library on a cluster. To install a library on a cluster: Click Compute in the sidebar. Click a cluster name. Click the Libraries tab. Click Install New. The Install library dialog displays. Select one of the Library Source options, complete the instructions that appear, and then click Install.Scala Target. Scala 2.11 ( View all targets ) Vulnerabilities. Vulnerabilities from dependencies: CVE-2018-17190. Note: There is a new version for this artifact. New Version. 0.16.0. Maven.XML data source for Spark SQL and DataFrames. Contribute to databricks/spark-xml development by creating an account on GitHub.You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session. You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session. You switched accounts on another tab or window.Spark-xml is a very cool library that makes parsing XML data so much easier using spark SQL. And spark-csv makes it a breeze to write to csv files. Here’s a quick demo using spark-shell, include ...In Spark SQL, flatten nested struct column (convert struct to columns) of a DataFrame is simple for one level of the hierarchy and complex when you have multiple levels and hundreds of columns. When you have one level of structure you can simply flatten by referring structure by dot notation but when you have a multi-level struct column then ...Read XML File (Spark Dataframes) The Spark library for reading XML has simple options. We must define the format as XML. We can use the rootTag and rowTag options to slice out data from the file. This is handy when the file has multiple record types. Last, we use the load method to complete the action.Now, we need to make some changes to the pom.xml file, you can either follow the below instructions or download the pom.xml file GitHub project and replace it with your pom.xml file. 1. First, change the Scala version to the latest version, I am using 2.13.0XML data source for Spark SQL and DataFrames. Contribute to databricks/spark-xml development by creating an account on GitHub. Jan 24, 2023 · Solved: Hi community, I'm trying to read XML data from Azure Datalake Gen 2 using com.databricks:spark-xml_2.12:0.12.0: - 10790 Just to mention , I used Databricks’ Spark-XML in Glue environment, however you can use it as a standalone python script, since it is independent of Glue. We saw that even though Glue provides one line transforms for dealing with semi/unstructured data, if we have complex data types, we need to work with samples and see what fits our purpose.When working with XML files in Databricks, you will need to install the com.databricks - spark-xml_2.12 Maven library onto the cluster, as shown in the figure below. Search for spark.xml in the Maven Central Search section. Once installed, any notebooks attached to the cluster will have access to this installed library.1 Answer. Sorted by: 47. if you do spark-submit --help it will show: --jars JARS Comma-separated list of jars to include on the driver and executor classpaths. --packages Comma-separated list of maven coordinates of jars to include on the driver and executor classpaths. Will search the local maven repo, then maven central and any additional ...The version of spark-xml I'm using is the latest one atm, 0.12.0 with spark 3.1.1. Update. I was passing the spark-xml options wrongly after calling writeStream, instead they need to be passed as a 3rd parameter of the from_xml function. I still get only null values tho...May 26, 2017 · A Spark datasource for the HadoopOffice library. This Spark datasource assumes at least Spark 2.0.1. However, the HadoopOffice library can also be used directly from Spark 1.x. Currently this datasource supports the following formats of the HadoopOffice library: What spark-xml does is 'parse' the XML only enough to find the few subsets of it that you are interested in, then passes that on to a full-fledges XML parser (STaX). So, within your row tag, XML should be parsed correctly. However ENTITY would be at the root of the document, so STaX won't see it. Indeed, the use case here isn't even one big doc ...Dec 30, 2018 · <dependency> <groupId>com.databricks</groupId> <artifactId>spark-xml_2.12</artifactId> <version>0.5.0</version> </dependency> Copy <dependency> <groupId>com.databricks</groupId> <artifactId>spark-xml_2.12</artifactId> <version>0.5.0</version> </dependency> CopyJun 23, 2023 · 1. Spark Project Core 2,311 usages. org.apache.spark » spark-core Apache. Core libraries for Apache Spark, a unified analytics engine for large-scale data processing. Last Release on Jun 23, 2023. 2. Spark Project SQL 2,082 usages. org.apache.spark » spark-sql Apache. Spark SQL is Apache Spark's module for working with structured data based ... Spark-xml is a very cool library that makes parsing XML data so much easier using spark SQL. And spark-csv makes it a breeze to write to csv files. Here’s a quick demo using spark-shell, include ...Sep 20, 2019 · What spark-xml does is 'parse' the XML only enough to find the few subsets of it that you are interested in, then passes that on to a full-fledges XML parser (STaX). So, within your row tag, XML should be parsed correctly. However ENTITY would be at the root of the document, so STaX won't see it. Indeed, the use case here isn't even one big doc ... In SQL Server, to store xml within a database column, there is the XML datatype but same is not present in Spark SQL. Has anyone come around the same issue and found any workaround? If yes, please share. We're using Spark Scala.How to install spark-xml library using dbx. I am trying to install library spark-xml_2.12-0.15.0 using dbx. The documentation I found is to include it on the conf/deployment.yml file like: custom: basic-cluster-props: &basic-cluster-props spark_version: "10.4.x-cpu-ml-scala2.12" basic-static-cluster: &basic-static-cluster new_cluster ...When working with XML files in Databricks, you will need to install the com.databricks - spark-xml_2.12 Maven library onto the cluster, as shown in the figure below. Search for spark.xml in the Maven Central Search section. Once installed, any notebooks attached to the cluster will have access to this installed library.Feb 15, 2020 · Please reference：How can I read a XML file Azure Databricks Spark. Combine these documents, I think you can figure out you problem. I don't know much about Azure databricks, I'm sorry that I can't test for you. Scala Target. Scala 2.12 ( View all targets ) Vulnerabilities. Vulnerabilities from dependencies: CVE-2023-22946. Note: There is a new version for this artifact. New Version. 0.16.0. Maven.Spark History servers, keep a log of all Spark applications you submit by spark-submit, spark-shell. before you start, first you need to set the below config on spark-defaults.conf. spark.eventLog.enabled true spark.history.fs.logDirectory file:///c:/logs/path Now, start the spark history server on Linux or Mac by running. Example: Read XML from S3. The XML reader takes an XML tag name. It examines elements with that tag within its input to infer a schema and populates a DynamicFrame with corresponding values. The AWS Glue XML functionality behaves similarly to the XML Data Source for Apache Spark. You might be able to gain insight around basic behavior by ...Just to mention , I used Databricks’ Spark-XML in Glue environment, however you can use it as a standalone python script, since it is independent of Glue. We saw that even though Glue provides one line transforms for dealing with semi/unstructured data, if we have complex data types, we need to work with samples and see what fits our purpose.手順. SparkでXMLファイルを扱えるようにするためには、”spark-xml” というSparkのライブラリをクラスタにインストールする必要があります。. spark-xml をDatabricksに取り込む方法は2つ. Import Library - Marvenより、spark-xmlの取り込み. JARファイルを外部より取得し ...pyspark --packages com.databricks:spark-xml_2.11:0.4.1 if it does not work you can try this work around, as you can read your file as a text then parse it. #define your parser function: input is rdd: def parse_xml(rdd): """ Read the xml string from rdd, parse and extract the elements, then return a list of list.I want to convert my input file (xml/json) to parquet. I have already have one solution that works with spark, and creates required parquet file. However, due to other client requirements, i might need to create a solution that does not involve hadoop eco system such as hive, impala, spark or mapreduce.Jul 21, 2021 · There are three ways to create a DataFrame in Spark by hand: 1. Create a list and parse it as a DataFrame using the toDataFrame () method from the SparkSession. 2. Convert an RDD to a DataFrame using the toDF () method. 3. Import a file into a SparkSession as a DataFrame directly.
1 Answer. Turns out that Spark can't handle large XML files as it must read the entirety of it in a single node in order to determine how to break it up. If the file is too large to fit in memory uncompressed, it will choke on the massive XML file. I had to use Scala to parse it linearly without Spark, node by node in recursive fashion, to .... Therapists
Nov 20, 2020 · There's a section on the Databricks spark-xml Github page which talks about parsing nested xml, and it provides a solution using the Scala API, as well as a couple of Pyspark helper functions to work around the issue that there is no separate Python package for spark-xml. So using these, here's one way you could solve the problem: They cite the need to parse the raw flight XML files using the package ’com.databricks.Apache Spark.xml’ in Apache Spark to extract attributes such as arrival airport, departure airport, timestamp, flight ID, position, altitude, velocity, target position, and so on.Apache Spark can also be used to process or read simple to complex nested XML files into Spark DataFrame and writing it back to XML using Databricks Spark XML API (spark-xml) library. In this article, I will explain how to read XML file with several options using the Scala example. Spark XML Databricks dependency Spark Read XML into DataFrame Apache Spark does not include a streaming API for XML files. However, you can combine the auto-loader features of the Spark batch API with the OSS library, Spark-XML, to stream XML files. In this article, we present a Scala based solution that parses XML data using an auto-loader. Install Spark-XML libraryXml processing in Spark Ask Question Asked 7 years, 10 months ago Modified 3 years, 11 months ago Viewed 59k times 20 Scenario: My Input will be multiple small XMLs and am Supposed to read these XMLs as RDDs. Perform join with another dataset and form an RDD and send the output as an XML.Then use the below query to select xml attributes, after registering the temptable. sqlContext.sql ("select Sale.Tax ['@TaxRate'] as TaxRate from temptable").show (); Starting from 0.4.1, i think the attributes by default starts with underscore (_), in this case just use _ instead of @ while querying attributes.There are three ways to create a DataFrame in Spark by hand: 1. Create a list and parse it as a DataFrame using the toDataFrame () method from the SparkSession. 2. Convert an RDD to a DataFrame using the toDF () method. 3. Import a file into a SparkSession as a DataFrame directly.I want the xml attribute values of "IdentUebersetzungName", "ServiceShortName" and "LableName" in the dataframe, can I do with Spark-XML? I tried with com.databricks:spark-xml_2.12:0.15.0, it seems that it supports nested XML not so well.Apache Spark can also be used to process or read simple to complex nested XML files into Spark DataFrame and writing it back to XML using Databricks Spark XML API (spark-xml) library. In this article, I will explain how to read XML file with several options using the Scala example. Spark XML Databricks dependency Spark Read XML into DataFrame Jan 11, 2017 · Convert Spark Dataframe to XML files. 3. Load XML string from Column in PySpark. 8. Read XML in spark. 2. how to convert multiple row tag xml files to dataframe. 0. someXSDF = sparkSesh.read.format ('xml') \ .option ('rootTag', 'nmaprun') \ .option ('rowTag', 'host') \ .load (thisXML) If the file is small enough, you can just do a .toPandas () to review it: Then close the session. if you want to test this outside of Jupyter, just go the command line and do.Create the spark-xml library as a Maven library. For the Maven coordinate, specify: Databricks Runtime 7.x and above: com.databricks:spark-xml_2.12:<release> See spark-xml Releases for the latest version of <release>. Install the library on a cluster. Example The example in this section uses the books XML file. Retrieve the books XML file: BashMay 26, 2017 · A Spark datasource for the HadoopOffice library. This Spark datasource assumes at least Spark 2.0.1. However, the HadoopOffice library can also be used directly from Spark 1.x. Currently this datasource supports the following formats of the HadoopOffice library: Dec 6, 2016 · Xml processing in Spark Ask Question Asked 7 years, 10 months ago Modified 3 years, 11 months ago Viewed 59k times 20 Scenario: My Input will be multiple small XMLs and am Supposed to read these XMLs as RDDs. Perform join with another dataset and form an RDD and send the output as an XML. Apache Spark does not include a streaming API for XML files. However, you can combine the auto-loader features of the Spark batch API with the OSS library, Spark-XML, to stream XML files. In this article, we present a Scala based solution that parses XML data using an auto-loader. Install Spark-XML libraryExample: Read XML from S3. The XML reader takes an XML tag name. It examines elements with that tag within its input to infer a schema and populates a DynamicFrame with corresponding values. The AWS Glue XML functionality behaves similarly to the XML Data Source for Apache Spark. You might be able to gain insight around basic behavior by ...Sep 12, 2022 · The documentation says following:. The workflows section of the deployment file fully follows the Databricks Jobs API structures.. If you look into API documentation, you will see that you need to use maven instead of file, and provide Maven coordinate as a string. Solved: Hi community, I'm trying to read XML data from Azure Datalake Gen 2 using com.databricks:spark-xml_2.12:0.12.0: - 10790Part of Microsoft Azure Collective. 1. I'm trying to load an XML file in to dataframe using PySpark in databricks notebook. df = spark.read.format ("xml").options ( rowTag="product" , mode="PERMISSIVE", columnNameOfCorruptRecord="error_record" ).load (filePath) On doing so, I get following error: Could not initialize class com.databricks.spark ...This will be used with YARN's rolling log aggregation, to enable this feature in YARN side yarn.nodemanager.log-aggregation.roll-monitoring-interval-seconds should be configured in yarn-site.xml. The Spark log4j appender needs be changed to use FileAppender or another appender that can handle the files being removed while it is running.Part of Microsoft Azure Collective. 1. I'm trying to load an XML file in to dataframe using PySpark in databricks notebook. df = spark.read.format ("xml").options ( rowTag="product" , mode="PERMISSIVE", columnNameOfCorruptRecord="error_record" ).load (filePath) On doing so, I get following error: Could not initialize class com.databricks.spark ....